Techno-economic analysis of rooftop solar power plant implementation and policy on mosques: an Indonesian case study

 Indonesia is pushing the implementation of renewable energy to meet its climate action target. Solar energy is abundant, and its utilization is prioritized, including rooftop solar power plant (RSPP). This research presents a techno-economic analysis of an RSPP installed in a mosque in Ngombol subdistrict, Purworejo district, Central Java, Indonesia. This article also introduces and explains the regulation of RSPP and electricity tariffs in Indonesia, which define the economics of RSPP. This study employs an operational and financial model to analyze RSPP in five scenarios. The RSPP design objective is to reduce the annual energy usage of the mosque and yield the highest Net Present Value (NPV). According to the result, RSPP at all configurations based on the type and number of panels yield negative NPVs at the current electricity tariff, costs of components, and regulations implemented concerning RSPP. Proposed policy adjustment modeled through different scenarios provide benefit to some extent, limited by other policies. Hence, a combination of different policy adjustments may be required to achieve the most optimal condition for RSPP implementation on the mosque rooftop. This study could help policymakers to understand the possible directions of policy design for faster PV implementation.

In terms of the potential for renewables, Indonesia has a total capacity of 417.6 GW from different sources such as tidal, geothermal, bio, wind, hydro, and solar energy1. 207.8 GW or about half of this capacity is from solar energy thanks to its geographical condition crossed by the equator2. This capacity potential is relatively more significant than the total electricity generation capacity in June 2020, only at 71 GW3. By the first September 2021, solar energy implementation in Indonesia only accounts for 0.08% of its potential, with a capacity of 150 MWp4. This utilization rate is relatively low as Indonesia’s energy sector is still dominated by fossil fuels. In 2020, fossil fuel supported 88.8% of the primary energy supply and 85.3% of the electricity generation capacity3,5. This condition results in high Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from the energy sector, comprising around 30–40% of the total GHG emission in Indonesia6. Renewable energy has been known as a low-carbon alternative energy source to replace fossil fuels. Tawalbeh et al. estimated the carbon footprint from solar power to be in the range of 14–73 g CO2-eq/kWh, which is only 2 to 10% of the carbon emitted in oil-fueled electricity generation for generating one kWh7. Therefore as a part of its climate action, Indonesia targets to increase the share of renewable energy in its primary energy supply mix to 23% by 20251.

To achieve this target, the Government of Indonesia (GOI) planned to increase the solar power plant (SPP) capacity to 3.6 GWp by 2025, comprising large-scale SPP, rooftop SPP (RSPP), and floating SPP8. The Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR), a think-tank in energy and environment, suggested the possibilities of Indonesia achieving the energy transition goal by utilizing the distributed generation of solar power in the form of rooftop and off-grid SPP. IESR further estimated that a minimum potential of 2 GWp RSPP exists in Jakarta and Surabaya’s residential market9. This study implies a more significant potential when considering other cities and types of buildings. A growing interest in studies on RSPP design can also be seen in Indonesia, which analyzes RSPP on residential10,11, office12,13, educational14,15,16, and industrial buildings13. This paper will focus on SPP on mosque rooftops due to its significance in the context of Indonesia, while this type of building has not received the same research attention as others.


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